How to Perform a Full Manual Defragmentation of Your Hard Disk Under Windows Vista. If you have tried doing a defragmentation of your hard disk under Windows Vista, you would have noticed that the defrag utility does not really give you any detailed information about your hard disk fragmentation level, show you the defragmentation progress while defragging, and in certain situations even. Oct 21, 2018  Hi, From the COMMAND prompt of your Boot Disk or Recovery (if your System maker provided one) run these (you can run them in windows however they are more efficient from the boot disk prompt so I will list both. Windows 7 or Vista automatically configures Disk Defrag to schedule defragment to run once a week, usually at 1am on Wednesday. I don’t know about you, but I’m usually awake at 1am on wednesday, and I’d rather schedule it for a different time.

Microsoft Drive Optimizer (formerly Disk Defragmenter) is a utility in Microsoft Windows designed to increase access speed by rearranging files stored on a disk to occupy contiguous storage locations, a technique called defragmentation. Defragmenting a disk minimizes head travel, which reduces the time it takes to read files from and write files to the disk.^[1] Beginning with Windows XP, Microsoft Drive Optimizer also reduces system startup times.^{[citation needed]}

From Windows 8, the program was renamed to Microsoft Drive Optimizer, with some references changed to say Defragment and Optimize Drives or simply Optimize Drives.

Early history[edit]

As early as the end of 1982, the IBM PC DOS operating system that shipped with early IBM Personal Computers included a Disk Volume Organization Optimizer to defragment the 5¼-inch floppy disks that those machines used. At this time, Microsoft's MS-DOS did not defragment hard disks. Several third party software developers marketed defragmenters to fill this gap. MS-DOS 6.0 introduced Microsoft Defrag.^[2]Windows NT, however, did not offer a Defrag utility, and Symantec was suggested by others as a possible alternative for the utility.^[3]

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Initial releases of Windows NT lacked a defragmentation tool. Concepts of genetics book pdf. Versions through Windows NT 3.51 did not have an application programming interface for moving data clusters on hard disks.^[4] Executive Software, later renamed Diskeeper Corporation, released Diskeeper defragmentation software for Windows NT 3.51,^[4] which shipped with a customized version of the NT kernel and file system drivers that could move clusters.

Microsoft included file system control (FSCTL) commands to move clusters in the Windows NT 4.0 kernel,^[4] which worked for both NTFS and FAT32 partitions. However, Windows NT 4.0 did not provide a graphical or command-line user interface.^[4]

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Debut[edit]

Disk Defragmenter also shipped as part of Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows Me. It could be scheduled using a Maintenance Wizard and supported command line switches.^[5] This version had the limitation that if the contents of the drive changed during defragmentation, it rescanned the drive and restarted the process from where it left off.^[6]

The Disk Defragmenter in Windows 2000 was a stripped-down licensed version of Diskeeper, licensed from Diskeeper Corporation. It uses the following techniques:^[4]

1. Moving all the index or directory information to one spot. Moving this spot into the center of the data, i.e. one third of the way in, so that average head travel to data is halved compared to having directory information at the front.
2. Moving infrequently used files further from the directory area.
3. Obeying a user-provided table of file descriptions to emphasize or ignore.
4. Making files contiguous so that they can be read without unnecessary seeking.

In Windows 2000 and later operating systems, Microsoft Drive Optimizer has the following limitations:

• It does not defragment files residing in the Recycle Bin or files that are in use.^[7] In particular, this includes the registry, page file and hibernation file.
• Prior to the Windows Vista release, only one volume could be analyzed or defragmented at a time and only one instance could run.^[8]
• Only local volumes can be defragmented; network volumes are not supported.^[8]
• The GUI version prior to Windows Vista cannot be scheduled. However, the command line utility since Windows XP and later can be scheduled.^{[citation needed]}
• Unlike previous versions, the GUI version in Windows Vista does not display a map of disk fragmentation, nor does it display progress during defragmentation.^{[citation needed]}

In addition, the Windows 2000 version has the following limitations which were removed in Windows XP:^[8]

• Defragmenting NTFS volumes with cluster sizes larger than 4 kilobytes (KB) is not possible.
• It is not possible to perform fine-grained movement of uncompressed NTFS file data in Windows 2000. Moving a single file cluster also moves the 4 KB part of the file that contains the cluster.
• EFS encrypted files are not defragmented.

Windows XP and Server 2003[edit]

Windows Disk Defragmenter was updated to alleviate some restrictions.^[9] It no longer relies on the Windows NT Cache Manager, which prevented the defragmenter from moving pieces of a file that cross a 256KB boundary within the file. NTFS metadata files can also be defragmented. A command-line tool, defrag.exe, has been included,^[10] providing access to the defragmenter from cmd.exe and Task Scheduler. In Windows XP, if the Master File Table (MFT) is spread into multiple fragments, defrag.exe and the GUI version can combine the MFT fragments during defragmentation.^[11]

Disk Defragmenter Windows Vista 10

Windows Vista and Server 2008[edit]

In Windows Vista, Disk Defragmenter includes an option to automatically run at scheduled times using Task Scheduler and uses low CPU priority and the newly introduced low priority I/O algorithm so that it can continue to defrag using reduced resources (less CPU and disk read/write activity) when the computer is in use. The user interface has been simplified, with the color graph, progress indicator, disk analysis and fragmentation information being removed entirely.

If the fragments of a file are over 64 MB in size, the file is not defragmented if using the GUI; Microsoft has stated that this is because there is no discernible performance benefit since the time seeking such large chunks of data is negligible compared to the time required to read them.^[12] The result, however, is that Disk Defragmenter does not require a certain amount of free space in order to successfully defrag a volume, unlike performing a full defragmentation which requires at least 15% of free space on the volume. The command line utility, Defrag.exe, offers more control over the defragmentation process, such as performing a full defragmentation by consolidating all file fragments regardless of size.^[13] This utility can be used to defragment specific volumes or to just analyze volumes as the defragmenter would in Windows XP.

Disk Defragmenter is maintained by Microsoft's Core File Services. The Windows Vista version has been updated in Windows Vista SP1 to include the improvements made in Windows Server 2008. The most notable of these improvements is that the ability to select which volumes are to be defragmented has been added back.^[14]Notably, the Windows Vista defragmenter is much more effective than the version included with XP.^[15]

Windows 7 and later[edit]

Windows 7 reintroduces the analyze function and showing percent complete of the defragmentation, both of which were removed in Windows Vista. It can also defragment multiple volumes simultaneously.

According to Scott Hanselman of Microsoft, Windows 7 and later do defragment a solid-state disk (SSD) but in a completely different way. There is less incentive for defragmentation of SSDs because file fragmentation has less performance impact on them and they handle a finite number of storage cycles before their lifespan expires. However, file systems cannot support infinite file fragmentation as they reach their metadata limit. In addition, Microsoft Drive Optimizer is also responsible for performing the TRIM command on SSDs.^[16]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'How to make a computer faster: 6 ways to speed up your PC'. Microsoft at work. Microsoft. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
2. ^Wolverton, Van (2003). Running MS-DOS Version 6.22 (20th Anniversary Edition), 6th Revised edition. Microsoft Press. ISBN0-7356-1812-7.
3. ^'How do I run Microsoft Defrag?'. Computer Help. Computer Hope. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
4. ^ ^abcdeRussinovich, Mark (20 March 2007). 'Inside Windows NT Disk Defragmenting'. TechNet. Microsoft. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
5. ^Windows 95 Defrag.exe Command-Line Parameters
6. ^Description of the Disk Defragmenter Tool in Windows 98/Me
7. ^Disk Fragmentation and System Performance
8. ^ ^abcDisk Defragmenter Limitations in Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003
9. ^Russinovich, Mark; David Solomon (2005). 'Memory Management'. Microsoft Windows Internals (4th ed.). Microsoft Press. p. 728. ISBN0-7356-1917-4.
10. ^'Description of the new command line Defrag.exe included with Windows XP (MSKB283080)'. Microsoft. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
11. ^How NTFS reserves space for its Master File Table (MFT)
12. ^Disk Defragmenter FAQs
13. ^'Disk Defragmenter'. User Guide. Windows Vista User Guide. 27 January 2007. Archived from the original on 13 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-27.
14. ^Disk Defragmenter in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008
15. ^'21 Essential Steps to Make Your PC Better/Faster/Stronger – Page 4'. Maximum PC. Future. 2009-05-28. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011.
16. ^Hanselman, Scott (3 December 2014). 'The real and complete story - Does Windows defragment your SSD?'. hanselman.com. Sef-published. Retrieved 22 December 2014.

External links[edit]

Computers require regular maintenance in the same way that cars do. You should defragment your hard drives regularly in Windows Vista to improve your computer’s speed and efficiency. When files are deleted, this leaves gaps of space on the hard drive. When you save something new or install a new program, that code can become fragmented across the hard drive as it fills these non-consecutive “holes” with its data.

When you defragment your computer, you remove all the gaps, and Windows Vista rearranges the placement of all the files into the most efficient pattern. This helps your computer access files more quickly and enables it to find larger sections of memory for saving new files and programs. Choose Start→Control Panel→System and Maintenance and then click Defragment Your Hard Drive in the Administrative Tools.

The Disk Defragmenter window opens and begins analyzing your computer to determine how fragmented it is.

If you have User Account Control enabled on your computer, you’ll see a message box asking if you’re sure you want to go to the Disk Defragmenter. Just click Continue to open the Disk Defragmenter window.

Windows Vista Disk Defragmenter Taking A Long Time

1Wait for the Analyzer to finish.

You will see a message saying either that your file system performance is good or that you should defragment your computer.

2If necessary, click Defragment Now.

A message appears that Windows is defragmenting your drive and that it may take up to a few hours to complete. The Disk Defragmenter window will give you a message to let you know when your drive no longer requires defragmenting.

They aren’t kidding about the hours thing. Disk defragmenting can take a long time, particularly if you have a larger hard drive. So, try running your defrag overnight while you’re happily dreaming of much more interesting things. To help things move along faster, turn off any energy-saving features (such as a screen saver), as they could cause the defragmenter to stop and start all over again.

3If you want to schedule your defrags to run automatically, check the Run Automatically checkbox.

By setting up a regular schedule for the Disk Defragmenter to run, you can streamline the process and keep your system running smoothly.

4Click the Modify Schedule button.

You can set up the procedure to run automatically at a preset period of time, such as once every two weeks at 2:00 a.m.

If you have multiple hard drives on your computer, you will see a Select Volumes button. Click this button to establish which drives the defragmenter should tackle when it runs its scheduled maintenance. Just click OK when you’re finished making your selection.

5Click OK and click Close to close the Disk Defragmenter.

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Of course, you’ll need to leave your computer running for the scheduled defragmentation to occur.